Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. Because the lymphatic system is widespread, lymphoma can present with a variety of symptoms that may be subtle or mistaken for less serious conditions. Early detection is key to effective treatment, so understanding the symptoms of lymphoma is crucial. This article details the various symptoms associated with lymphoma, helping to identify potential warning signs.
General Symptoms of Lymphoma
Lymphoma often presents with symptoms that can affect the entire body, commonly referred to as «systemic» or «B symptoms.»
Unexplained Weight Loss
One of the most common symptoms of lymphoma is unexplained weight loss. Patients may lose more than 10% of their body weight over six months without trying. This weight loss can occur because the body is using energy to fight the cancer, or due to the cancer’s impact on metabolism and appetite.
Persistent Fatigue
Fatigue that doesn’t go away with rest and impacts daily activities is another common symptom of lymphoma. This persistent tiredness can be profound, affecting physical and mental function, and is often a result of the body’s efforts to combat the disease.
Fever
Fevers that come and go over an extended period, often without any apparent infection, can be a sign of lymphoma. These fevers are usually low-grade, but they may spike, particularly at night. The cause of these fevers is often linked to the body’s immune response to the cancer.
Night Sweats
Severe night sweats that drench clothing and bedding are a hallmark symptom of lymphoma. These night sweats often occur with fever and may happen even when the room is not overly warm. They are typically more intense than normal night sweats and can significantly disrupt sleep.
Lymph Node-Related Symptoms
The lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures throughout the body, are often directly affected by lymphoma.
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Swollen lymph nodes are one of the most recognizable symptoms of lymphoma. These swellings, known as lymphadenopathy, are typically painless and may occur in the neck, armpits, or groin. Unlike swollen lymph nodes caused by infections, those related to lymphoma are usually not tender and may grow over time.
Visible or Palpable Lumps
In some cases, the swollen lymph nodes may be visible as lumps under the skin. These lumps may appear in various areas, such as the neck, collarbone, armpits, or groin. These lumps are often firm and rubbery to the touch.
Skin-Related Symptoms
Lymphoma can also cause symptoms that affect the skin, either due to direct involvement of the skin or as a systemic reaction.
Itchy Skin (Pruritus)
Persistent, unexplained itching (pruritus) is a symptom of lymphoma that can affect any part of the body. This itching is often severe and may not be accompanied by a rash or other visible skin changes. The cause of the itching is believed to be related to the release of chemicals by the lymphoma cells or the body’s immune response to the cancer.
Rashes or Skin Lesions
In some cases, lymphoma can manifest as rashes or skin lesions. This is particularly common in cutaneous lymphomas, a type of lymphoma that affects the skin. These rashes may appear as red, scaly patches, plaques, or nodules and can be mistaken for other skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.
Symptoms Related to Specific Areas
Depending on where the lymphoma is located, it can cause symptoms in specific parts of the body.
Chest Symptoms
If lymphoma affects the lymph nodes in the chest, it can lead to various respiratory symptoms due to the pressure on the lungs or airways.
- Coughing: A persistent, dry cough that does not improve with over-the-counter treatments can be a sign of lymphoma in the chest.
- Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity or when lying down, may indicate that the lymphoma is pressing on the windpipe or lungs.
- Chest Pain: Dull, persistent chest pain or discomfort can occur if the lymphoma is located in the chest area. This pain may radiate to the back or shoulders.
Abdominal Symptoms
Lymphoma in the abdomen can lead to various gastrointestinal symptoms due to the involvement of lymph nodes or organs in the abdominal cavity.
- Abdominal Swelling or Pain: Swelling or pain in the abdomen may be caused by enlarged lymph nodes, the spleen, or the liver. This discomfort may be accompanied by a feeling of fullness or bloating.
- Loss of Appetite: A reduced appetite, sometimes accompanied by nausea or early satiety (feeling full after eating a small amount), can be a symptom of abdominal lymphoma.
- Changes in Bowel Habits: Lymphoma affecting the intestines can cause changes in bowel habits, including constipation, diarrhea, or a sensation of incomplete bowel movements.
Nervous System Symptoms
Lymphoma that affects the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nerves can cause neurological symptoms.
- Headaches: Persistent headaches, particularly those that do not respond to typical treatments, can be a sign of CNS lymphoma.
- Seizures: Seizures may occur if lymphoma spreads to the brain or spinal cord, disrupting normal brain activity.
- Weakness or Numbness: Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arms or legs can occur if lymphoma affects the nerves, particularly in cases of peripheral neuropathy.
Spleen-Related Symptoms
The spleen, an organ involved in filtering blood and managing immune responses, is often affected by lymphoma.
- Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): An enlarged spleen can cause discomfort or pain in the upper left side of the abdomen. This enlargement may lead to a feeling of fullness, even after eating only a small amount, and can also contribute to anemia or a reduced platelet count.
Rare and Advanced Symptoms
In advanced stages, or in rare cases, lymphoma can cause additional symptoms that are less commonly associated with the disease.
Jaundice
Jaundice, characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, can occur if lymphoma blocks the bile ducts or spreads to the liver. This symptom indicates that the liver is not functioning properly, leading to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.
Bone Pain
Bone pain, often described as deep and aching, can occur if lymphoma spreads to the bone marrow or bones. This pain is typically more pronounced at night or during physical activity and may be accompanied by other signs of bone involvement, such as fractures or anemia.
Recurrent Infections
Lymphoma can weaken the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. Frequent or severe infections that do not respond well to standard treatments can be a sign of an underlying issue like lymphoma.
Conclusion
Lymphoma presents with a wide range of symptoms, many of which are common to other conditions, making it crucial to recognize the specific signs that could indicate this type of cancer. Symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and night sweats are key indicators that warrant further investigation. Additionally, symptoms related to specific areas of the body, like abdominal pain or shortness of breath, can help pinpoint the location and extent of the disease. Early detection of lymphoma is critical for effective treatment, so individuals experiencing these symptoms should seek medical evaluation promptly.